PRAGMA

PRAGMA

Una de las dimensiones de la semiótica es la llamada pragmática.

La semiótica consiste en el estudio de la relacion entre los signos y los sujetos que usan los signos, y en este contexto la pragmatica es definida como el estudio de las significaciones.

Charles Morris. (1938) Foundations of the Theory of signs.
__. Languaje and Behavior (1946)
R. Carnap. (1942). Introduction to semantics.

R.M. Martin. (1959). Towards a systematics Pragmatics.

Voy a referirme en primera instancia a la etimologia de la palabra griega, luego haré una referencia al uso que le daban los griegos, para luego describir cómo se emplea el término en la actualidad.

Las referencia etimológicas:

Pragma: a de Thayer's Greek Lexicon

STRONGS NT 4229: πρᾶγμα

πρᾶγμα, πράγματος, τό (πράσσω), from (Pindar), Aeschylus, Herodotus down, the Sept. chiefly for דָּבָר

a. that which has been done, a deed, an accomplished fact: Luke 1:1; Acts 5:4; 2 Corinthians 7:11; Hebrews 6:18.

b. what is doing or being accomplished: James 3:16; specifically, business (commercial transaction), 1 Thessalonians 4:6 (so Winers Grammar, 115 (109); others refer this example to c. and render in the matter (spoken of, or conventionally understood; cf. Green, Gram., p. 26f)).

c. a matter (in question), affair: Matthew 18:19; Romans 16:2; specifically, in a forensic sense, a matter at law, case, suit (Xenophon, mem. 2, 9, 1; Demosthenes, 1120, 26; Josephus, Antiquities 14, 10, 17): πρᾶγμα ἔχειν πρός τινα (A. V. having a matter against, etc.), 1 Corinthians 6:1.

d. that which is or exists, a thing: Hebrews 10:1; πράγματα οὐ βλεπόμενα, Hebrews 11:1 (see ἐλπίζω).*,

ed, a matter

Original Word: πρᾶγμα, ατος, τό

Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter

Transliteration: pragma

Phonetic Spelling: (prag'-mah)

Short Definition: a thing done, a matter

Definition: a thing done, a deed, action; a matter, an affair.

prágma , "accomplishing by regular practice") – properly, the habit needed to accomplish what is necessary, i.e. in a practical, reliable way.

pragmateuomai/prágma ("everyday business") always has incalculable eternal worth when done in faith (by God's inworked persuasions).

Thayer's Greek Lexicon

STRONGS NT 4229: πρᾶγμα

πρᾶγμα, πράγματος, τό (πράσσω), from (Pindar), Aeschylus, Herodotus down, the Sept. chiefly for דָּבָר

Thayer's Greek Lexicon

STRONGS : πρᾶγμα

πρᾶγμα, πράγματος, τό (πράσσω), from (Pindar), Aeschylus, Herodotus down, the Sept. chiefly for דָּבָר

a. that which has been done, a deed, an accomplished fact: Luke 1:1; Acts 5:4; 2 Corinthians 7:11; Hebrews 6:18.

b. what is doing or being accomplished: James 3:16; specifically, business (commercial transaction), 1 Thessalonians 4:6 (so Winers Grammar, 115 (109); others refer this example to c. and render in the matter (spoken of, or conventionally understood; cf. Green, Gram., p. 26f)).

c. a matter (in question), affair: Matthew 18:19; Romans 16:2; specifically, in a forensic sense, a matter at law, case, suit (Xenophon, mem. 2, 9, 1; Demosthenes, 1120, 26; Josephus, Antiquities 14, 10, 17): πρᾶγμα ἔχειν πρός τινα (A. V. having a matter against, etc.), 1 Corinthians 6:1.

d. that which is or exists, a thing: Hebrews 10:1; πράγματα οὐ βλεπόμενα, Hebrews 11:1 (see ἐλπίζω).*,

http://biblehub.com/greek/4229.htm

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Polibio empleo el termino pragmatikos para describir su propia historia pragmática, que trata de los hechos, de los asuntos humanos. Considera que es la única que puede enseñar a los hombres a cómo comportarse en cuanto miembros de la comunidad.

Los romanos emplearon el termino pragmaticus para referirse a asuntos humanos, especialmente políticos y no a leyendas, sueños, deseos, imaginaciones, etc.

En este sentido el adjetivo pragmático se refiere también al sentido de  "habil", "experimentado". Se refiere al hombre de leyes, a quién sabe pensar en lo útil.

Kant empleó varias veces este término, se refirió al conocimiento pragmático que es útil para la vida, del mismo modo que Polibio. Se refirió a sanciones pragmáticas con un sentido jurídico, derivadas de una autoridad.

En relacion a los fines Kant establece (en Crítica de la razón pura) que las condiciones para alcanzarlos son hipotéticamente necesarias y que esta creencia puede ser subjetivamente suficiente (creencia contingente) y la denomina creencia pragmática. 

En La Paz perpetua se refirió Kant a los principios prágmáticos cuando estan destinados a regular el uso de un medio para alcanzar un determinado fin.

En la actualidad el término 'pragmático' en filosofía suele emplearse para calificar una idea dentro de una forma cualquiera de pragmatismo, o para caracterizar cualquier predicado en la  pragmática como rama de la semiótica .

El 'pragmatismo' se ha desarrollado especialmente en USA y en Inglaterra, pero ha influido en forma individual en otros países en la obra de Bergson, Spengler, Simmel, e incluso en Nietzsche.

J. Dewey

El pragmatismo anglo-norteamericano incluye, entre otros,  la obra de William James y C. S. Peirce, John Dewey y George Herbert Mead 



Referencia a los tipos de amores que tenían los griegos, uno de ellos era el Pragma

Today's coffee culture has an incredibly sophisticated vocabulary. Do you want a cappuccino, an espresso, a skinny latte, or maybe an iced caramel macchiato?

G. H. Mead

C. S. Peirce

W. James

Eros involved a loss of control that frightened the Greeks.

The ancient Greeks were just as sophisticated in the way they talked about love, recognizing six different varieties. They would have been shocked by our crudeness in using a single word both to whisper "l love you" over a candlelit meal and to casually sign an email "lots of love."

So what were the six loves known to the Greeks? And how can they inspire us to move beyond our current addiction to romantic love, which has 94 percent of young people hoping—but often failing—to find a unique soul mate who can satisfy all their emotional needs?

1. Eros, or sexual passion

The first kind of love was eros, named after the Greek god of fertility, and it represented the idea of sexual passion and desire. But the Greeks didn't always think of it as something positive, as we tend to do today. In fact, eros was viewed as a dangerous, fiery, and irrational form of love that could take hold of you and possess you—an attitude shared by many later spiritual thinkers, such as the Christian writer C.S. Lewis.

Eros involved a loss of control that frightened the Greeks. Which is odd, because losing control is precisely what many people now seek in a relationship. Don't we all hope to fall "madly" in love?

2. Philia, or deep friendship

The second variety of love was philia or friendship, which the Greeks valued far more than the base sexuality of eros. Philia concerned the deep comradely friendship that developed between brothers in arms who had fought side by side on the battlefield. It was about showing loyalty to your friends, sacrificing for them, as well as sharing your emotions with them. (Another kind of philia, sometimes called storge, embodied the love between parents and their children.)

We can all ask ourselves how much of this comradely philia we have in our lives. It's an important question in an age when we attempt to amass "friends" on Facebook or "followers" on Twitter—achievements that would have hardly impressed the Greeks.

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3. Ludus, or playful love

This was the Greeks' idea of playful love, which referred to the affection between children or young lovers. We've all had a taste of it in the flirting and teasing in the early stages of a relationship. But we also live out our ludus when we sit around in a bar bantering and laughing with friends, or when we go out dancing.

Dancing with strangers may be the ultimate ludic activity, almost a playful substitute for sex itself. Social norms may frown on this kind of adult frivolity, but a little more ludus might be just what we need to spice up our love lives.

4. Agape, or love for everyone

The fourth love, and perhaps the most radical, was agape or selfless love. This was a love that you extended to all people, whether family members or distant strangers. Agape was later translated into Latin as caritas, which is the origin of our word "charity."

C.S. Lewis referred to it as "gift love," the highest form of Christian love. But it also appears in other religious traditions, such as the idea of mettā or "universal loving kindness" in Theravāda Buddhism.

There is growing evidence that agape is in a dangerous decline in many countries. Empathy levels in the U.S. have declined sharply over the past 40 years, with the steepest fall occurring in the past decade. We urgently need to revive our capacity to care about strangers.

5. Pragma, or longstanding love

Another Greek love was the mature love known as pragma. This was the deep understanding that developed between long-married couples.

Pragma was about making compromises to help the relationship work over time, and showing patience and tolerance.

The psychoanalyst Erich Fromm said that we expend too much energy on "falling in love" and need to learn more how to "stand in love." Pragma is precisely about standing in love—making an effort to give love rather than just receive it. With about a third of first marriages in the U.S. ending through divorce or separation in the first 10 years, the Greeks would surely think we should bring a serious dose of pragma into our relationships.

6. Philautia, or love of the self

The Greek's sixth variety of love was philautia or self-love. And the clever Greeks realized there were two types. One was an unhealthy variety associated with narcissism, where you became self-obsessed and focused on personal fame and fortune. A healthier version enhanced your wider capacity to love.

How Should We Live by Roman Krznaric.

This article is based on the author's new book, How Should We Live? Great Ideas from the Past for Everyday Life.

The idea was that if you like yourself and feel secure in yourself, you will have plenty of love to give others (as is reflected in the Buddhist-inspired concept of "self-compassion"). Or, as Aristotle put it, "All friendly feelings for others are an extension of a man's feelings for himself."

The ancient Greeks found diverse kinds of love in relationships with a wide range of people—friends, family, spouses, strangers, and even themselves. This contrasts with our typical focus on a single romantic relationship, where we hope to find all the different loves wrapped into a single person or soul mate. The message from the Greeks is to nurture the varieties of love and tap into its many sources. Don't just seek eros, but cultivate philia by spending more time with old friends, or develop ludus by dancing the night away.

Moreover, we should abandon our obsession with perfection. Don't expect your partner to offer you all the varieties of love, all of the time (with the danger that you may toss aside a partner who fails to live up to your desires). Recognize that a relationship may begin with plenty of eros and ludus, then evolve toward embodying more pragma or agape.

The diverse Greek system of loves can also provide consolation. By mapping out the extent to which all six loves are present in your life, you might discover you've got a lot more love than you had ever imagined—even if you feel an absence of a physical lover.

It's time we introduced the six varieties of Greek love into our everyday way of speaking and thinking. If the art of coffee deserves its own sophisticated vocabulary, then why not the art of love?

http://www.yesmagazine.org/happiness/the-ancient-greeks-6-words-for-love-and-why-knowing-them-can-change-your-life

Consultar mi Blog: FILOSOFÍA

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